The Queen Loana Project

Traipse verb
traipse [intransitive always + adverb/preposition]
informal to walk somewhere in a slow or unwilling way because you are tired or bored
traipse around/through/across etc
I've been traipsing around the shops all morning.

as happy as a clam 开心如蛤
American English informal very happy

headstrong adjective
very determined to do what you want, even when other people advise you not to do it

exude verb
1
[transitive] if you exude a particular quality, it is easy to see that you have a lot of it
She exudes self-confidence. He exuded an air of wealth and power
2
[intransitive and transitive] formal to flow out slowly and steadily, or to make something do this
The plant exudes a sticky liquid.

daub 1 verb 涂抹
to put paint or a soft substance on something without being very careful
soldiers' faces daubed with black mud

penumbra noun 日蚀、月蚀或太阳黑子的半影
technical an area of slight darkness

caldron[countable] 大锅炉
a large round metal pot for boiling liquids over a fire
a witch's cauldron

mawkish adjective
showing too much emotion in a way that is embarrassing
ￚsynonym sentimental
a mawkish love story

camphor樟脑

capon 阉鸡

cenotaph noun
 [countable]
a monument built to remind people of soldiers, sailors etc who were killed in a war and are buried somewhere else

morgue 停尸房

tachycardia 心动过速

cameo noun
plural cameos
[countable]
1
a short appearance in a film or play by a well-known actor
cameo role/appearance
Denholm Eliot put in a cameo appearance as a butler.
2
a small piece of jewellery with a raised shape, usually a person's face, on a flat background of a different colour
a cameo brooch
3
a short piece of writing that gives a clear idea of a person, place, or event

nomenclature noun 命名法
 [uncountable] formal
a system of naming things, especially in science
nomenclature of
the nomenclature of science
zoological nomenclature

chromolithograph 多彩石印版印刷

pyre noun
[countable]
a high pile of wood on which a dead body is placed to be burned in a funeral ceremony
a funeral pyre

gash noun 很深的伤口
[countable]
a large deep cut or hole in something, for example in a person's skin
Blood poured from a deep gash in her forehead.

retina 视网膜

bulge 1 noun
[countable]
1
a curved mass on the surface of something, usually caused by something under or inside it
The gun made a bulge under his jacket.
2
a sudden temporary increase in the amount or level of something
a bulge in the birthrate

boiling


Crucifixion
1
[uncountable and countable] in past times, the act of killing someone by fastening them to a cross and leaving them to die
2
the Crucifixion
the death of Christ on the cross
3
[countable] also Crucifixion
a picture or other object representing Christ on the cross

equuleus
将受害人提起，再将其屁股朝下，丢在一块有磨尖的铁钉的垫子上

fire

gridiron
an open frame of metal bars for cooking meat or fish over a very hot fire

live burial

pyre
a high pile of wood on which a dead body is placed to be burned in a funeral ceremony

buring at the stake

wheel

spit

saw
对魔术表演可怕的戏仿，受害人在一个盒子里，两位行刑者手执锯齿状的利剑，唯一的区别是目标真的被劈成两半。

quartering
类似前者，但使用杠杆一样的刀

dragging
将有罪的一方系在马尾上

foot screw

impaling

contour noun 轮廓，等高线
 [countable]
1
the shape of the outer edges of something such as an area of land or someone's body
the contours of the hills the contours of her face
2
also contour line
a line on a map that shows points that are of equal heights above sea level

embankment noun 筑堤
 [countable]
a wide wall of earth or stones built to stop water from flooding an area, or to support a road or railway

pungent adjective
1
having a strong taste or smell
pungent smell/aroma/odour etc the pungent odour of garlic
2
formal pungent speech or writing is clever and direct, and usually criticizes someone or something strongly
He expressed some fairly pungent criticisms.

fig noun 无花果
 [countable]
1
a soft sweet fruit with a lot of small seeds, often eaten dried, or the tree on which this fruit grows
2
not give a fig/not care a fig (about/for something/somebody)
old-fashioned informal to not be at all concerned about or interested in something or someone

mite noun
 [countable]
1
a very small creature that lives in plants, carpets etc
2
spoken a small child, especially one that you feel sorry for
Poor mite! You must be starving!
3
a mite
slightly
ￚsynonym a bit
She's a mite shy.It's a mite too big for the box.
4
a mite of something
old-fashioned a small amount of something

switchback noun
[countable]
a road or track that goes up and down steep slopes and around sharp bends

dilapidated adjective
a dilapidated building, vehicle etc is old and in very bad condition
ￚsee also derelict

callous adjective
not caring that other people are suffering
We were shocked at the callous disregard for human life. a callous attitude the callous slaughter of seals

defecate verb
[intransitive]
formal to get rid of waste matter from your bowels

sphincter noun 括约肌

diarrhoea noun 腹泻

asthma noun 哮喘

ramble 1 verb
 [intransitive]
1
to talk for a long time in a way that does not seem clearly organized, so that other people find it difficult to understand you
She's getting old and she tends to ramble a bit.
2
[always + adverb/preposition] British English to go on a walk in the countryside for pleasure
ￚsee also hike
There’s plenty to discover as you ramble around this little island.
3
a plant that rambles grows in all directions

peevish adjective
easily annoyed by small and unimportant things
ￚsee also bad-tempered
The kids were peevish after so long in the car.

neuron noun 神经细胞，神经元

gastritis noun 胃炎

knead verb
[transitive]
1
to press a mixture of flour and water many times with your hands
Knead the dough for three minutes.
2
to press someone's muscles many times to help cure pain or to help someone relax

kangaroo 袋鼠

vivisection noun 活体解剖
 [uncountable]
the practice doing medical or scientific tests on live animals

rehab noun
[uncountable]
the process of curing someone who has an alcohol or drugs problem
a rehab program
in rehab
I spent three months in rehab.

jovial adjective
friendly and happy
He addressed me in a jovial manner.

pylorus 幽门

blanch verb
1
[transitive] to put vegetables, fruit, or nuts into boiling water for a short time
Blanch the peaches and remove the skins.
2
[intransitive] literary to become pale because you are frightened or shocked
Patrick visibly blanched.

racket noun
1
[singular] informal a loud noise
The old machine used to make an awful racket .

mason=stonemason noun 石匠
[countable]
someone whose job is cutting stone into pieces to be used in buildings

pulverize verb 研磨成粉
[transitive usually passive]
1
to crush something into a powder
The seeds can be used whole or pulverized into flour.
2
informal to completely defeat someone
Stewart completely pulverized the opposition.

disinter verb
[transitive] formal
1
to dig and remove a dead body from a grave
ￚopposite inter
2
to find or use something that has been lost or not used for a long time
She disinterred two frozen TV dinners from the freezer.

proviso noun
pro‧vi‧so / prəˈvaɪzəʊ $ -zoʊ /

plural provisos
[countable] formal
a condition that you ask for before you will agree to something
with the proviso that
The money was given to the museum with the proviso that it is spent on operating costs.

gem noun
[countable]
1
also gem stone
a beautiful stone that has been cut into a special shape
ￚsynonym jewel
precious gems
2
something that is very special or beautiful
Every single ad in the campaign has been a gem. The Fortune is a tiny gem of a theatre.
gem of
little gems of advice
3
a very helpful or special person
Ben, you're a real gem!

pamper verb
[transitive]
to look after someone very kindly, for example by giving them the things that they want and making them feel warm and

comfortable
She spent her childhood as the pampered daughter of a wealthy family.
pamper yourself
Pamper yourself with a stay in one of our luxury hotels.

laconic adjective 用词简洁地
using only a few words to say something
ￚlaconically / -kli / adverb
 'She left,' said Pascoe laconically.

bigwig noun
 [countable]
informal an important person
A few of the company bigwigs have their own jets.

hiccup 1 noun 打嗝
[countable]
1
[usually plural]a sudden repeated stopping of the breath, usually caused by eating or drinking too fast
get/have hiccups BrE ; get/have the hiccups American English Don't drink so fast - you'll get hiccups.
2
a small problem or delay
hiccup in
a hiccup in the negotiations

grandiose adjective
grandiose plans sound very important or impressive, but are not practical
grandiose scheme/plan/idea etc grandiose schemes of urban renewal

swine noun
[countable]
1
plural swine or swines
informal someone who behaves very rudely or unpleasantly
Leave her alone, you filthy swine!
2
old use a pig

hurdle 1 noun
1
[countable]a problem or difficulty that you must deal with before you can achieve something 障碍
ￚsynonym obstacleFinding enough money for the project was the first hurdle. overcome/clear/get over etc a hurdle

(=deal successfully with a problem)
2
[countable]one of a series of small fences that a person or horse has to jump over during a race 篱笆
clear a hurdle (=successfully jump over a hurdle)
3
the 100 metres/400 metres hurdles 跨栏
a race in which the runners have to jump over hurdles

senile adjective
mentally confused or behaving strangely, because of old age
a senile old man She worries about going senile .

slyboot 处世圆滑、不老实的人

floor 2 verb
floor [transitive]
1
to surprise or shock someone so much that they do not know what to say or do
A couple of the questions completely floored me.
2
to hit someone so hard that they fall down
He was floored in the first round of the fight.
3
American English informal to make a car go as fast as possible
I got into the car and floored it .

http://www.uflib.ufl.edu/preserve/binding/glossary.htm#B

Adhesive Binding

Type of binding in which single leaves are secured together solely with an adhesive applied to the textblock spine. Animal glue, polyvinyl acetate glues, and hot melt adhesives are mostly used. Also known as perfect binding. See also, Double-Fan Adhesive binding 

Backing

Process of shaping a ridge or shoulder on each side of the spine of a text block after rounding it, and prior to lining it. Backing accommodates the thickness of the boards, and provides a hinge along which they swing. Backing also helps to prevent the spine of the textblock from collapsing into a concave shape over time. See Rounding. (LBI Standard Glossary, p.13)

Bench Sewing

Any form of sewing through the fold by hand to attach signatures to form the textblock.

Board

General term used for pasteboard, millboard, strawboard, etc, all of which are used to form the foundation for book covers. They are made of various pulped or laminated fibrous materials pressed into large flat sheets, which are then cut to size and covered with cloth, leather, paper, or other material to form the book covers. Also called cover boards, or book boards.

Book Cloth

Specially prepared cloth material used as a covering material for book covers. A thin woven cloth (like muslin) that has been dyed, filled, impregnated, or coated with some compound, and subjected to heat and pressure. Book cloth falls into three main categories: 1. starch-filled (where the spaces in the cloth-weave are filled with starch, sometimes called sized book cloth), 2. acrylic-, pyrozylin- or vinyl-impregnated, and 3. plastic coated. Book cloth is lighter than buckram and comes in a variety of colors.

Buckram Cloth 

A heavy weave cotton cloth filled, impregnated, or coated with different compounds (mainly starch and pyroxylin but also other materials) to enhance body, finish and durability.

Case

The cover of a book that consists of two boards, an inlay, and covering material. In a commercial bindery, the case is usually made separately from the text block and later attached to the text block later in a step called casing-in. (LBI Standard, Glossary, p.13)

Casing-In

Process of applying adhesive to the outermost endpapers of a textblock and fitting the text into its case. (LBI Standard, Glossary, p.14)

Coated Paper

Type of paper coated with white clay or a similar substance to provide a smooth surface for printing detailed illustrations. The finish is often glossy but can be dull.

Double Fan Adhesive Binding 

A type of adhesive binding where the back margin of each leaf in an unglued textblock is exposed to 1/16" or less for an application of adhesive. The margin is exposed on both sides of each leaf by clamping the textblock on a vice-like press and then pushing against the textblock first in one direction, then the other, thereby fanning or separating the edges of the leaves. (LBI Standard, §6.3, p.5)

Flat Back

Also known as square back. A casebound textblock that has not been rounded or backed. (LBI Standard, Glossary, p.14)

Flyleaf

Leaf or leaves forming that part of the folded endsheet not pasted down to the inside of the cover board. Its function is to protect the first or last leaves of the textblock. See Pastedown.

Fore Edge

Edge of a leaf or a board opposite from, and parallel to, its binding edge (i.e. opposite from its spine edge). Fore edge is also used in a more general way to refer to any part of a volume opposite from and parallel to its spine. (LBI Standard, Glossary, p.14).

Grain Direction

Direction in which the majority of the fibers in a piece of paper or board are aligned and to the direction in which the warp threads run in cloth. Grain direction in all man-made materials used in bookbinding should run parallel to the spine of the volume. (LBI Standard, Glossary, p.14).

Gutter

Channel and combined marginal space formed by the two inner or back margins of facing pages of a volume. Margin along the spine.

Head

Top edge of a leaf, board, or bound volume, opposite from the surface on which the volume rests when it is shelved upright. (LBI Standard, Glossary, p.14)

Headband

Small, ornamental band, generally of mercerized cotton or silk, which in most modern publisher's trade bindings is glued on the head as well as the tail of the textblock spine of a book. Modern headbands imitate the sewn-on headbands that functioned to protect the head and tail of early bindings. The band at the tail of the book is sometimes called the tailboard.

Hinge

Flexible part of the cover on which the boards swing open. See also Inner Hinge and Outer Hinge.

Hollow

The part or space of a case binding between the textblock spine and the inside of the cover spine.

Inner Hinge

Fold of the channel lying between the two halves of an endsheet where the textblock is attached to its cover (case). Also called a front hinge and inner joint.

Leaf

Single sheet of paper or half of a folded sheet of paper. (LBI Standard, Glossary, p.15)

Leaf Attachment

Means by which leaves of a textblock are attached to one another along the binding edge. (LBI Standard, Glossary, p.15)

Margin

Space around the edges of a page outside the printed or written matter. The four margins are commonly designated as: head or top margin; tail, lower, or bottom margin; fore edge, outer or outside margin; and back, inner, or gutter margin.

Milling

The spines of books can be cut away on a milling machine to prepare them for double-fan adhesive binding or oversewing. The machine clamps the textblock, spine down, and moves it over a series of rotating blades that cut away approximately 1/8 inch of the binding margin, thus removing old adhesive, thread, staples, and/or the folds of signatures. After milling, a text block is comprised of loose leaves.

Notching

Process of cutting parallel grooves into the spine perpendicular to the binding edge to strengthen adhesive bindings (LBI Standard, Glossary, p.15).

Outer hinge

Flexible channel of covering material on the outside of a book on which the cover board opens; the space between the cover boards and the shoulder of the textblock spine in which the covering material is pressed. Also called a French joint or French groove, hinge, gully, channel, and outer joint.

Oversewing

Method of sewing thin sections (i.e., piles) of leaves, one to another in succession, to create a semi-flexible text block. For all oversewn volumes, a minimum binding margin of 5/8 inch (after milling) is desirable. (LBI Standard §6.1, p.3).

Paste down

The half of an endsheet that is pasted to the inside of the cover board.

PVA (Polyvinyl acetate)

An emulsion adhesive; a flexible adhesive that does not cross-link and is considered permanent. Results in a very strong bond.

Recase

Process of fitting the textblock with a new case when the original sewing thread of the textblock is unbroken and intact. (LBI Standard, §***, p.6)

Rounding 

Process of hammering or manipulating the textblock spine into a convex shape preparatory to backing. Rounding diminishes the effect of swelling caused by the thickness of the sewing threads or the application of glue from an adhesive binding. It also helps to prevent the textblock spine from falling into a concave shape after years of use or of standing upright on a shelf. See also backing.

Shoulder

Outer edge of a rounded textblock spine against which the cover board fits. The shoulder is made when a book is rounded and backed. Also called a ridge, butt, flange, groove, abutment and ledge.

Stubbing

Process of adding sheets of paper to textblock to accommodate inserts. (Guide to the LBI Standard, §5.4, p.8)

Tail

Bottom edge of a leaf, board, or bound volume; that is, the surface on which a volume rests when shelved upright. (LBI Standard, Glossary, p.17)

Textblock

Leaves of a volume after they have been bound together. (LBI Standard, Glossary, p.17)

Tip-in

Thin line of adhesive is applied along the edge of a leaf (usually along the binding edge), and the leaf is tipped onto another leaf (usually at the binding edge). (LBI Standard, Glossary, p.17)

Prosciutto 意大利干熏火腿

corduroy noun 灯心绒
[uncountable]
a thick strong cotton cloth with thin raised lines on it, used for making clothes
a corduroy jacket

do the rounds
British English informal make the rounds American English also go the rounds British English
if a story, idea, or illness does the rounds, it is passed on from one person to another
a joke doing the rounds

ephemeral adjective
existing or popular for only a short time
Fashion is by nature ephemeral.

whisk somebody/something away/off
to take someone or something quickly away from a place
The waitress whisked our coffee cups away before we'd had a chance to finish.

sanctum noun
[countable]
1
inner sanctum
a private place or room that only a few important people are allowed to enter - often used humorously
Occasionally she would be allowed into the inner sanctum of his office.
2
a holy place inside a temple

marmalade noun
[uncountable]
a jam made from fruit such as oranges, lemons or grapefruit, usually eaten at breakfast

apricot noun 杏
1
[countable] a small round fruit that is orange or yellow and has a single large seed
2
[uncountable] the orange-yellow colour of an apricot

Postojna caves - a 20km series of caves in Slovenia

harlequin 1 noun 丑角
[countable]
a character in some traditional plays who wears brightly coloured clothes and plays tricks

Combray - the fictional town of the narrator's youth in Proust's A la recherche du temps perdu.贡布雷, 普鲁斯特小说中的虚构城市
In Proust, biting down on a madeleine, a tea biscuit, evoked a cascade of memories.

avalanche noun 雪崩
[countable]
1
a large mass of snow, ice, and rocks that falls down the side of a mountain
Two skiers were killed in the avalanche.
2
an avalanche of something
a very large number of things such as letters, messages etc that arrive suddenly at the same time
The school received an avalanche of applications.

dirge noun 挽歌
[countable]
1
a slow sad song sung at a funeral
2
a song or piece of music that is too slow and boring

go overboard
to do or say something that is too extreme for a particular situation
I hope politicians will not go overboard in trying to control the press.

cavern noun
 [countable]
a large cave

talcum powder noun 爽身粉
[uncountable]
a powder with a nice smell which you put on your skin after washing

paedophile noun 恋童癖者
pedophile American English [countable]
someone who is sexually attracted to children

orthostatic 立正位置的

croon verb
 [intransitive and transitive]
to sing or speak in a soft gentle voice, especially about love
Sinatra crooning mellow tunes 'My child,' Sarah crooned.

gelato

     Gelato在十三世纪出现,西西里岛的居民为对抗炎热,于冬季是把冰雪储存欲30米的地窖内,留待夏季时取出,再混合牛奶、乳酪、鸡蛋、水果等做出质感柔顺的Gelato.但因价格昂贵只有贵族才能吃的起.其后此技巧传变各地,欧洲的皇室贵族都为Gelato如痴如醉.进而流传全世界并为Gelato趋之若骛.

dilate verb
 [intransitive and transitive]
if a hollow part of your body dilates or if something dilates it, it becomes wider
opposite contract

lull 1 verb
[transitive]
1
to make someone feel calm or as if they want to sleep
The hum of the tyres on the road lulled her to sleep.
2
to make someone feel safe and confident so that they are completely surprised when something bad happens
lull somebody into (doing) something
The police lulled me into believing that they did not suspect us. Earthquakes here are rare and this has lulled people into a false sense of security (=made people think they were safe when they were not) .

yikes interjection
 informal
said when something frightens or shocks you

mimosa noun
[uncountable and countable]
1
a tree with small yellow flowers that grows in hot countries 含羞草



2
American English a mixture of champagne and orange juice, or a glass of this
British Equivalent: Buck's Fizz

　　这种以香槟为基酒的鸡尾酒，被喻为世上最美味、最豪华的柳橙汁。上流社会的人们原本称它为兰休香槟，但因为它的色泽和鲜黄色的含羞草非常相似，所以取名为含羞草。在意大利，它的别名叫Buck's Fizz。葡萄酒瓶的底部都呈山型状，这不是为了使容量看起来更多，而是有它的缘故在葡萄酒储存的时间越长，酒气越香，可是在储存的过程中会产生酒石和丹宁酸。当酒瓶站立时，这些沉淀物会沉淀到底部，如果瓶底平坦，沉淀物容易随酒一起注入杯中，要是酒瓶呈山型状，沉淀物会沉淀在凹陷处，就不会发生这种问题了。

斯佛切斯科城堡（CASTELLO SFORZESCO）
四方形砖造城堡，是当年米兰公爵的居处， 建成於1466年，名称即来自当时的公爵Francesco Sforza。
http://www.milanocastello.it/ita/home.html

Duomo 米兰大教堂


米兰大教堂是米兰的地标，整座建筑物融合哥特、文艺复兴、新古典等多种建筑风格，其位居米兰市中心，雄伟的气势，令人望之而生仰慕之心，其中教堂正面以三角形状构建而成，四周有数百座尖塔成林，和高达108公尺的主塔相衬，仿如相互扶持，伸向蓝天，展现哥特式建筑的特色。

这座教堂于1386年开始建造，当时是由统治米兰的威斯康提(Gian Galeazzo Visconti)下令兴建，建材为来自Candoglia地区的大理石。历经五、六百年，这座教堂逐一完成重要的建设内容。1418年主祭坛完工启用，1617年教堂正面工程展开，仍以歌德式为主要风格，1774年主尖塔圣母像建成，1813年拿破仑下令建成正墙面及所有尖塔，

一直到二十世纪初，今日所见的正墙面五扇铜门才装置完成。

最高的尖塔高达108.5公尺，上方置有圣母雕像，教堂拱顶由52根多柱体梁柱支撑，其上共有135根石柱尖塔、2245座雕像，均取材自圣经故事，教堂内外所呈现的圣者及使徒像，数目达3159座，据传均是文艺复兴时代所留下的作品，教堂正面五扇铜门上，分别刻有教堂历史、米兰历史、圣母生涯和君士坦丁大帝的“米兰诏书”等。不管从那一个方向看，米兰大教堂呈现的壮丽风貌及丰富的历史内涵，都很令人感动。

教堂内部也很有特色，从祭坛、马赛克画至宝物室，都值得观赏。其中祭坛上供奉着的一根钉子，据说是取自耶稣被钉死的十字架上。教堂内天花板很高，并镶有彩绘玻璃，往地下走，有宝物库Tesoro，另也可以搭乘电梯到顶楼，欣赏四周景物，或购票参观大教堂博物馆Museo del Duomo。

the Brera art gallery
http://www.brera.beniculturali.it/gallery/index.php

rinse 1 verb
rinse  [transitive]
if you rinse your mouth, or rinse your mouth out, you wash it by filling it with water and then spitting the water out
see also gargle

gurgle 1 verb/ [intransitive]
Date: 1500-1600
Origin: Probably from the sound
1
if water gurgles, it flows along gently with a pleasant low sound
ￚsynonym burble
We could hear the stream gurgling down in the valley.
2
if a baby gurgles, it makes a happy low sound in its throat

cataract 白内障
noun [countable]
1
a medical condition that causes the lens of your eye to become white, so that you slowly lose your sight
2
literary a large waterfall

bedlam noun
[uncountable]
a situation where there is a lot of noise and confusion
ￚsynonym chaos
When the bomb exploded, there was bedlam.

camomile noun 甘菊
chamomile [uncountable and countable]
a plant with small white and yellow flowers that are sometimes used to make tea

schmaltzy adjective
/ informal
a schmaltzy piece of music, book etc deals with emotions such as love and sadness in a way that seems silly and not serious enough
a schmaltzy love song
ￚschmaltz noun [uncountable]

lesion noun
[countable] technical
damage to someone's skin or part of their body such as their stomach or brain, caused by injury or illness
acute gastric lesions(急性胃炎)

ataraxia
n.心神安宁, 不动心(亦作ataraxy)

marchioness noun 侯爵夫人/女侯爵
 [countable]
1
the wife of a marquis
2
a woman who has the rank of marquis

balk verb
balk also baulk British English
1
[intransitive] to not want to do or try something, because it seems difficult, unpleasant, or frightening
balk at
Many people would balk at setting up a new business during a recession. Westerners balk at the prospect of snake on the menu.
2
[intransitive] if a horse balks at a fence, it stops in front of it and refuses to jump over it
3
[intransitive] American English in baseball, to stop in the middle of the action of throwing the ball to the player who is trying to hit it
4
[transitive] formal to stop someone or something from getting or achieving what they want

托尔文(May 26, 1927- )

    加拿大认知心理学家，在人类记忆方面的研究世界著名。他将长时记忆分为情景记忆episodic memory和语义记忆semantic memory，并认为记忆的存储和提取是两个彼此独立的功能。1983年获美国心理学会颁发的杰出科学贡献奖，1988年当选为国家科学院院土。

记忆的类型

(一)陈述性记忆和程序性记忆---最基础的记忆分类

　　(1)陈述性记忆(declarative memory)是处理陈述性知识，即事实类信息，包括字词，定义，人名，时间，事件，概念和观念．记忆内容可以用言语表达．

　　(2)程序性记忆(procedural memory)又称技能记忆,是记忆程序性知识,是指我们对如何做事情或如何掌握技能的记忆，它通常包括一系列复杂的动作过程.例如，骑车,用计算机画图,游泳和打网球等,都涉及一系列连续的动作过程,而对于其中各个动作之间的协调配合我们往往是只能意会不能言传.即使你是一个骑车和游泳的高手,也不可能精确地描述出某个动作是什么样的.以同一件事情作分析，如打篮球,你所知道的规则和方法是储存在陈述性记忆中的,但你擅长拦板和远投,这些动作技巧储存在程序性记忆中。

Aspects of memory

(二)情景记忆和语义记忆
随着记忆研究的日益深入,到了20世纪80年代后期,托尔文又将陈述性记忆进一步区分为:

　　(1)情景记忆(episodic memory)，是指对个人亲身经历过的，在一定时间和地点发生的事件或情景的记忆。例如，对春节期间到剧场观看演出的记忆，就是情景记忆。我们每天都经历各种事件，有些具体场景我们能够清晰地回忆起来，而大多数的事件都如过眼云烟，没有什么印象了。

　　(2)语义记忆(semantic memory)，是对字词，概念，规律和公式等各种概括化知识的记忆，它与一般的特定事件没有什么联系。例如，"空气污染对生态环境有影响吗?"对这个问题的回答不需要以前任何关于空气污染和生态环境相联系的具体场景，它涉及的是意义。对信息的这种意义特征的记忆不依赖于接受信息时的具体时间和地点，而是以语义为参照。作为一个一般原则，人们在表达情景记忆时会说:"我记得在什么时候……"而在表达语义记忆时则会说:"我知道某事……"情景记忆和语义之间并没有一条鲜明，严格的界限。我们日常所从事的大多数活动中上述三种记忆都要参加。在一场篮球比赛中，知道拉你区比赛的规则或在什么情况下罚球3次，涉及的是语义记忆;记得你如何像乔丹那样在比赛的最后3秒钟投中两分需要的是情境记忆;而知道如何组织进攻，传球，上篮等则是程序记忆。

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