as happy as a clam 开心如蛤
American English informal very happy

headstrong adjective
very determined to do what you want, even when other people advise you not to do it

exude verb
1
[transitive] if you exude a particular quality, it is easy to see that you have a lot of it
She exudes self-confidence. He exuded an air of wealth and power
2
[intransitive and transitive] formal to flow out slowly and steadily, or to make something do this
The plant exudes a sticky liquid.

daub 1 verb 涂抹
to put paint or a soft substance on something without being very careful
soldiers' faces daubed with black mud

penumbra noun 日蚀、月蚀或太阳黑子的半影
technical an area of slight darkness

caldron[countable] 大锅炉
a large round metal pot for boiling liquids over a fire
a witch's cauldron

mawkish adjective
showing too much emotion in a way that is embarrassing
ￚsynonym sentimental
a mawkish love story

camphor樟脑

capon 阉鸡

cenotaph noun
 [countable]
a monument built to remind people of soldiers, sailors etc who were killed in a war and are buried somewhere else

morgue 停尸房

tachycardia 心动过速

cameo noun
plural cameos
[countable]
1
a short appearance in a film or play by a well-known actor
cameo role/appearance
Denholm Eliot put in a cameo appearance as a butler.
2
a small piece of jewellery with a raised shape, usually a person's face, on a flat background of a different colour
a cameo brooch
3
a short piece of writing that gives a clear idea of a person, place, or event

nomenclature noun 命名法
 [uncountable] formal
a system of naming things, especially in science
nomenclature of
the nomenclature of science
zoological nomenclature

chromolithograph 多彩石印版印刷

pyre noun
[countable]
a high pile of wood on which a dead body is placed to be burned in a funeral ceremony
a funeral pyre

gash noun 很深的伤口
[countable]
a large deep cut or hole in something, for example in a person's skin
Blood poured from a deep gash in her forehead.

retina 视网膜

bulge 1 noun
[countable]
1
a curved mass on the surface of something, usually caused by something under or inside it
The gun made a bulge under his jacket.
2
a sudden temporary increase in the amount or level of something
a bulge in the birthrate

Crucifixion
1
[uncountable and countable] in past times, the act of killing someone by fastening them to a cross and leaving them to

equuleus
将受害人提起，再将其屁股朝下，丢在一块有磨尖的铁钉的垫子上

fire

gridiron
an open frame of metal bars for cooking meat or fish over a very hot fire

live burial

pyre
a high pile of wood on which a dead body is placed to be burned in a funeral ceremony

buring at the stake

wheel

spit

saw
对魔术表演可怕的戏仿，受害人在一个盒子里，两位行刑者手执锯齿状的利剑，唯一的区别是目标真的被劈成两半。

quartering
类似前者，但使用杠杆一样的刀

dragging
将有罪的一方系在马尾上

foot screw

impaling

embankment noun 筑堤
 [countable]
a wide wall of earth or stones built to stop water from flooding an area, or to support a road or railway

pungent adjective
1
having a strong taste or smell
pungent smell/aroma/odour etc the pungent odour of garlic
2
formal pungent speech or writing is clever and direct, and usually criticizes someone or something strongly
He expressed some fairly pungent criticisms.

fig noun 无花果
 [countable]
1
a soft sweet fruit with a lot of small seeds, often eaten dried, or the tree on which this fruit grows
2
not give a fig/not care a fig (about/for something/somebody)
old-fashioned informal to not be at all concerned about or interested in something or someone

mite noun
 [countable]
1
a very small creature that lives in plants, carpets etc
2
spoken a small child, especially one that you feel sorry for
Poor mite! You must be starving!
3
a mite
slightly
ￚsynonym a bit
She's a mite shy.It's a mite too big for the box.
4
a mite of something
old-fashioned a small amount of something

switchback noun
[countable]
a road or track that goes up and down steep slopes and around sharp bends

dilapidated adjective
a dilapidated building, vehicle etc is old and in very bad condition
ￚsee also derelict

callous adjective
not caring that other people are suffering
We were shocked at the callous disregard for human life. a callous attitude the callous slaughter of seals

defecate verb
[intransitive]
formal to get rid of waste matter from your bowels

sphincter noun 括约肌

diarrhoea noun 腹泻

asthma noun 哮喘

ramble 1 verb
 [intransitive]
1
to talk for a long time in a way that does not seem clearly organized, so that other people find it difficult to understand you
She's getting old and she tends to ramble a bit.
2
[always + adverb/preposition] British English to go on a walk in the countryside for pleasure
ￚsee also hike
There’s plenty to discover as you ramble around this little island.
3
a plant that rambles grows in all directions

peevish adjective
easily annoyed by small and unimportant things
ￚsee also bad-tempered
The kids were peevish after so long in the car.

neuron noun 神经细胞，神经元

gastritis noun 胃炎

knead verb
[transitive]
1
to press a mixture of flour and water many times with your hands
Knead the dough for three minutes.
2
to press someone's muscles many times to help cure pain or to help someone relax

vivisection noun 活体解剖
 [uncountable]
the practice doing medical or scientific tests on live animals

rehab noun
[uncountable]
the process of curing someone who has an alcohol or drugs problem
a rehab program
in rehab
I spent three months in rehab.

jovial adjective
friendly and happy
He addressed me in a jovial manner.

pylorus 幽门

blanch verb
1
[transitive] to put vegetables, fruit, or nuts into boiling water for a short time
Blanch the peaches and remove the skins.
2
[intransitive] literary to become pale because you are frightened or shocked
Patrick visibly blanched.

racket noun
1
[singular] informal a loud noise
The old machine used to make an awful racket .

mason=stonemason noun 石匠
[countable]
someone whose job is cutting stone into pieces to be used in buildings

pulverize verb 研磨成粉
[transitive usually passive]
1
to crush something into a powder
The seeds can be used whole or pulverized into flour.
2
informal to completely defeat someone
Stewart completely pulverized the opposition.

disinter verb
[transitive] formal
1
to dig and remove a dead body from a grave
ￚopposite inter
2
to find or use something that has been lost or not used for a long time
She disinterred two frozen TV dinners from the freezer.

proviso noun
pro‧vi‧so / prəˈvaɪzəʊ $ -zoʊ /

plural provisos
[countable] formal
a condition that you ask for before you will agree to something
with the proviso that
The money was given to the museum with the proviso that it is spent on operating costs.

gem noun
[countable]
1
also gem stone
a beautiful stone that has been cut into a special shape
ￚsynonym jewel
precious gems
2
something that is very special or beautiful
Every single ad in the campaign has been a gem. The Fortune is a tiny gem of a theatre.
gem of
little gems of advice
3
a very helpful or special person
Ben, you're a real gem!

pamper verb
[transitive]
to look after someone very kindly, for example by giving them the things that they want and making them feel warm and

comfortable
She spent her childhood as the pampered daughter of a wealthy family.
pamper yourself
Pamper yourself with a stay in one of our luxury hotels.

laconic adjective 用词简洁地
using only a few words to say something
ￚlaconically / -kli / adverb
 'She left,' said Pascoe laconically.

hiccup 1 noun 打嗝
[countable]
1
[usually plural]a sudden repeated stopping of the breath, usually caused by eating or drinking too fast
get/have hiccups BrE ; get/have the hiccups American English Don't drink so fast - you'll get hiccups.
2
a small problem or delay
hiccup in
a hiccup in the negotiations

grandiose adjective
grandiose plans sound very important or impressive, but are not practical
grandiose scheme/plan/idea etc grandiose schemes of urban renewal

swine noun
[countable]
1
plural swine or swines
informal someone who behaves very rudely or unpleasantly
Leave her alone, you filthy swine!
2
old use a pig

hurdle 1 noun
1
[countable]a problem or difficulty that you must deal with before you can achieve something 障碍
ￚsynonym obstacleFinding enough money for the project was the first hurdle. overcome/clear/get over etc a hurdle

(=deal successfully with a problem)
2
[countable]one of a series of small fences that a person or horse has to jump over during a race 篱笆
clear a hurdle (=successfully jump over a hurdle)
3
the 100 metres/400 metres hurdles 跨栏
a race in which the runners have to jump over hurdles

senile adjective
mentally confused or behaving strangely, because of old age
a senile old man She worries about going senile .

slyboot 处世圆滑、不老实的人

floor 2 verb
floor [transitive]
1
to surprise or shock someone so much that they do not know what to say or do
A couple of the questions completely floored me.
2
to hit someone so hard that they fall down
He was floored in the first round of the fight.
3
American English informal to make a car go as fast as possible
I got into the car and floored it .

corduroy noun 灯心绒
[uncountable]
a thick strong cotton cloth with thin raised lines on it, used for making clothes
a corduroy jacket

do the rounds
British English informal make the rounds American English also go the rounds British English
if a story, idea, or illness does the rounds, it is passed on from one person to another
a joke doing the rounds

ephemeral adjective
existing or popular for only a short time
Fashion is by nature ephemeral.

whisk somebody/something away/off
to take someone or something quickly away from a place
The waitress whisked our coffee cups away before we'd had a chance to finish.

sanctum noun
[countable]
1
inner sanctum
a private place or room that only a few important people are allowed to enter - often used humorously
Occasionally she would be allowed into the inner sanctum of his office.
2
a holy place inside a temple

marmalade noun
[uncountable]
a jam made from fruit such as oranges, lemons or grapefruit, usually eaten at breakfast

apricot noun 杏
1
[countable] a small round fruit that is orange or yellow and has a single large seed
2
[uncountable] the orange-yellow colour of an apricot

Postojna caves - a 20km series of caves in Slovenia

harlequin 1 noun 丑角
[countable]
a character in some traditional plays who wears brightly coloured clothes and plays tricks

Combray - the fictional town of the narrator's youth in Proust's A la recherche du temps perdu.贡布雷, 普鲁斯特小说中的虚构城市
In Proust, biting down on a madeleine, a tea biscuit, evoked a cascade of memories.

avalanche noun 雪崩
[countable]
1
a large mass of snow, ice, and rocks that falls down the side of a mountain
Two skiers were killed in the avalanche.
2
an avalanche of something
a very large number of things such as letters, messages etc that arrive suddenly at the same time
The school received an avalanche of applications.

dirge noun 挽歌
[countable]
1
a slow sad song sung at a funeral
2
a song or piece of music that is too slow and boring

go overboard
to do or say something that is too extreme for a particular situation
I hope politicians will not go overboard in trying to control the press.

cavern noun
 [countable]
a large cave

talcum powder noun 爽身粉
[uncountable]
a powder with a nice smell which you put on your skin after washing

paedophile noun 恋童癖者
pedophile American English [countable]
someone who is sexually attracted to children

orthostatic 立正位置的

croon verb
 [intransitive and transitive]
to sing or speak in a soft gentle voice, especially about love
Sinatra crooning mellow tunes 'My child,' Sarah crooned.

gelato

     Gelato在十三世纪出现,西西里岛的居民为对抗炎热,于冬季是把冰雪储存欲30米的地窖内,留待夏季时取出,再混合牛奶、乳酪、鸡蛋、水果等做出质感柔顺的Gelato.但因价格昂贵只有贵族才能吃的起.其后此技巧传变各地,欧洲的皇室贵族都为Gelato如痴如醉.进而流传全世界并为Gelato趋之若骛.

dilate verb
 [intransitive and transitive]
if a hollow part of your body dilates or if something dilates it, it becomes wider
opposite contract

lull 1 verb
[transitive]
1
to make someone feel calm or as if they want to sleep
The hum of the tyres on the road lulled her to sleep.
2
to make someone feel safe and confident so that they are completely surprised when something bad happens
lull somebody into (doing) something
The police lulled me into believing that they did not suspect us. Earthquakes here are rare and this has lulled people into a false sense of security (=made people think they were safe when they were not) .

yikes interjection
 informal
said when something frightens or shocks you

Duomo 米兰大教堂


米兰大教堂是米兰的地标，整座建筑物融合哥特、文艺复兴、新古典等多种建筑风格，其位居米兰市中心，雄伟的气势，令人望之而生仰慕之心，其中教堂正面以三角形状构建而成，四周有数百座尖塔成林，和高达108公尺的主塔相衬，仿如相互扶持，伸向蓝天，展现哥特式建筑的特色。

这座教堂于1386年开始建造，当时是由统治米兰的威斯康提(Gian Galeazzo Visconti)下令兴建，建材为来自Candoglia地区的大理石。历经五、六百年，这座教堂逐一完成重要的建设内容。1418年主祭坛完工启用，1617年教堂正面工程展开，仍以歌德式为主要风格，1774年主尖塔圣母像建成，1813年拿破仑下令建成正墙面及所有尖塔，

一直到二十世纪初，今日所见的正墙面五扇铜门才装置完成。

最高的尖塔高达108.5公尺，上方置有圣母雕像，教堂拱顶由52根多柱体梁柱支撑，其上共有135根石柱尖塔、2245座雕像，均取材自圣经故事，教堂内外所呈现的圣者及使徒像，数目达3159座，据传均是文艺复兴时代所留下的作品，教堂正面五扇铜门上，分别刻有教堂历史、米兰历史、圣母生涯和君士坦丁大帝的“米兰诏书”等。不管从那一个方向看，米兰大教堂呈现的壮丽风貌及丰富的历史内涵，都很令人感动。

教堂内部也很有特色，从祭坛、马赛克画至宝物室，都值得观赏。其中祭坛上供奉着的一根钉子，据说是取自耶稣被钉死的十字架上。教堂内天花板很高，并镶有彩绘玻璃，往地下走，有宝物库Tesoro，另也可以搭乘电梯到顶楼，欣赏四周景物，或购票参观大教堂博物馆Museo del Duomo。

the Brera art gallery
http://www.brera.beniculturali.it/gallery/index.php

gurgle 1 verb/ [intransitive]
Date: 1500-1600
Origin: Probably from the sound
1
if water gurgles, it flows along gently with a pleasant low sound
ￚsynonym burble
We could hear the stream gurgling down in the valley.
2
if a baby gurgles, it makes a happy low sound in its throat

cataract 白内障
noun [countable]
1
a medical condition that causes the lens of your eye to become white, so that you slowly lose your sight
2
literary a large waterfall

bedlam noun
[uncountable]
a situation where there is a lot of noise and confusion
ￚsynonym chaos
When the bomb exploded, there was bedlam.

camomile noun 甘菊
chamomile [uncountable and countable]
a plant with small white and yellow flowers that are sometimes used to make tea

schmaltzy adjective
/ informal
a schmaltzy piece of music, book etc deals with emotions such as love and sadness in a way that seems silly and not serious enough
a schmaltzy love song
ￚschmaltz noun [uncountable]

lesion noun
[countable] technical
damage to someone's skin or part of their body such as their stomach or brain, caused by injury or illness
acute gastric lesions(急性胃炎)

ataraxia
n.心神安宁, 不动心(亦作ataraxy)

marchioness noun 侯爵夫人/女侯爵
 [countable]
1
the wife of a marquis
2
a woman who has the rank of marquis

balk verb
balk also baulk British English
1
[intransitive] to not want to do or try something, because it seems difficult, unpleasant, or frightening
balk at
Many people would balk at setting up a new business during a recession. Westerners balk at the prospect of snake on the menu.
2
[intransitive] if a horse balks at a fence, it stops in front of it and refuses to jump over it
3
[intransitive] American English in baseball, to stop in the middle of the action of throwing the ball to the player who is trying to hit it
4
[transitive] formal to stop someone or something from getting or achieving what they want